Three-dimensional electronic microfliers inspired by wind-dispersed seeds - Nature.com

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Abstract

Large, distributed collections of miniaturized, wireless electronic devices^1,2 may form the basis of future systems for environmental monitoring³, population surveillance⁴, disease management⁵ and other applications that demand coverage over expansive spatial scales. Aerial schemes to distribute the components for such networks are required, and—inspired by wind-dispersed seeds⁶—we examined passive structures designed for controlled, unpowered flight across natural environments or city settings. Techniques in mechanically guided assembly of three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures^7,8,9 provide access to miniature, 3D fliers optimized for such purposes, in processes that align with the most sophisticated production techniques for electronic, optoelectronic, microfluidic and microelectromechanical technologies. Here we demonstrate a range of 3D macro-, meso- and microscale fliers produced in this manner, including those that incorporate active electronic and colorimetric payloads. Analytical, computational and experimental studies of the aerodynamics of high-performance structures of this type establish a set of fundamental considerations in bio-inspired design, with a focus on 3D fliers that exhibit controlled rotational kinematics and low terminal velocities. An approach that represents these complex 3D structures as discrete numbers of blades captures the essential physics in simple, analytical scaling forms, validated by computational and experimental results. Battery-free, wireless devices and colorimetric sensors for environmental measurements provide simple examples of a wide spectrum of applications of these unusual concepts.

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Fig. 1: 3D microfliers inspired by wind-dispersed seeds.

Fig. 2: Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the aerodynamics associated with representative 3D micro-, meso- and macrofliers.

Fig. 3: Experimental measurements of the flow characteristics of representative 3D mesofliers.

Fig. 4: 3D colorimetric mesofliers, electronic mesofliers and IoT macrofliers.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics at Northwestern University. B.H.K. acknowledges support from the following: National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (nos 2019R1G1A1100737, 2020R1C1C1014980); the Nanomaterial Technology Development Program (NRF-2016M3A7B4905613) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning; the Project for Collabo R&D between Industry, Academy and Research Institute funded by Korean Ministry of SMEs and Startups in 2020/2021 (project no. S2890749/S3104531); the Nano·Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2009-0082580); the National Research Facilities and Equipment Center at the Ministry of Science and ICT (Support Program for Equipment Transfer, grant no. 1711116699); and the Glint Materials Company. K.L. acknowledges support from the State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (grant no. DMETKF2021010). Y.P. acknowledges support from the German Research Foundation (PA 3154/1-1). Y.Z. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 12050004), the Institute for Guo Qiang, Tsinghua University (grant no. 2019GQG1012), and the Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology. H.L. acknowledges support from the Creative Materials Discovery Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2018M3D1A1058972). S.M.W. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea (NRF-2021M3H4A1A01079367), and by the Nano Material Technology Development Program (2020M3H4A1A03084600) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea. Y.H.J. acknowledges support from the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-202100000000832). C.H.L. acknowledges funding support from the National Science Foundation (2032529-CBET). Z.X. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 12072057), the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (grant no. XLYC2007196), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. DUT20RC(3)032). R.A. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (NSF grant number 1842165) and a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship. We thank Jaeeun Koo for artwork in Fig. 1a.

Author information

Author notes

1. These authors contributed equally: Bong Hoon Kim, Kan Li, Jin-Tae Kim, Yoonseok Park

Affiliations

1. Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

   Bong Hoon Kim & Jiwoong Kim

2. Department of Smart Wearable Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

   Bong Hoon Kim & Jiwoong Kim

3. Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

   Kan Li

4. State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

   Kan Li

5. Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

   Jin-Tae Kim, Yoonseok Park, Hong-Joon Yoon, Geumbee Lee, Kun Hyuck Lee, Ted S. Chung, Seung Yun Heo, Yongjoon Yu, Haiwen Luan & John A. Rogers

6. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA

   Hokyung Jang

7. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

   Xueju Wang

8. State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

   Zhaoqian Xie

9. Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China

   Zhaoqian Xie

10. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

    Sang Min Won

11. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

    Woo Jin Jang, Juyun Kim & Yeonha Kim

12. Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Yei Hwan Jung

13. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

    Yechan Lee

14. Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

    Tengfei Cai, Poom Prasopsukh & Leonardo P. Chamorro

15. Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Xinge Yu

16. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Raudel Avila, Haiwen Luan & Yonggang Huang

17. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Raudel Avila, Haiwen Luan, Yonggang Huang & John A. Rogers

18. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Raudel Avila, Haiwen Luan, Yonggang Huang & John A. Rogers

19. Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Honglie Song & Yihui Zhang

20. School of Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

    Feng Zhu

21. School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

    Ying Zhao

22. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

    Lin Chen

23. Electronic Convergence Materials and Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea

    Seung Ho Han

24. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Soong Ju Oh & Heon Lee

25. Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Chi Hwan Lee

26. School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Chi Hwan Lee

27. School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Chi Hwan Lee

28. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    John A. Rogers

29. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    John A. Rogers

30. Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    John A. Rogers

31. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    John A. Rogers

Authors

1. Bong Hoon Kim
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2. Kan Li
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3. Jin-Tae Kim
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4. Yoonseok Park
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5. Hokyung Jang
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6. Xueju Wang
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7. Zhaoqian Xie
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8. Sang Min Won
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9. Hong-Joon Yoon
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Contributions

B.H.K., K.L., J.-T.K. and Y.P. contributed equally to this work. Y.H., L.P.C., Y.Z. and J.A.R. conceived the ideas and supervised the project. B.H.K., K.L., J.-T.K., Y.P., Y.H., L.P.C., Y.Z. and J.A.R. wrote the manuscript. H.J., X.W., S.M.W., H.-J.Y., G.L., W.J.J., K.H.L., Y.H.J., S.Y.H., Y.L., J.K., Y.K., Y.Y. and X.Y. performed microelectromechanical experiments. J.-T.K., T.C. and P.P. performed fluid dynamics experiments. Z.X., T.S.C., R.A., H.L., H.S., F.Z., Y.Z. and L.C. performed mechanical and electromagnetic modelling and simulation. S.H.H., J.K., S.J.O., H.L. and C.H.L. provided scientific and experimental advice. All authors commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yonggang Huang or Leonardo P. Chamorro or Yihui Zhang or John A. Rogers.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Peer review information Nature thanks Elizabeth Helbling and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Bio-inspired 3D micro- and mesofliers.

Photographs of a 10 × 10 array of 3D micro- and mesofliers.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the configuration for computational fluid dynamics simulation.

(a) 3D rotational falling fliers and (b) 2D aerofoil.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Comparison of G₀ and G₁ across all classes of fliers.

CFD simulation results for the components G₀ and G₁ of the drag coefficient C_D, for fliers of types R, H, M and PM, with the 2D disk as a comparison.

Extended Data Fig. 4 3D microflier with porous design.

(a) Inspiration of porosity from nature: optical images of dandelion seeds and a feather. (b) FE simulated configuration of a 3D void-free microflier (p = 0) and a 3D microflier of porosity design (p = 0.26). (c) Images of scanned thickness of a 2D precursor for a porous microflier, with top view and perspective view, respectively. (d) G_0(b) and (e) G_1(b) versus the attack angle for various porosities. Normalized (f) G_0(b) and (g) G_1(b) over their void-free values versus porosity, with the CFD values of various \(\alpha \in [0^\circ ,90^\circ ]\) and analytic fittings.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Mechanical simulation of a 3D microflier [3, H, 0.75].

Schematic images of (a) a parachute design where the blades have no rotational tilting, and (b) a rotating flier design with rotationally tilted blades. (c) Comparison of G₀ and G₁ between the parachute mode and rotational falling mode.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Experimental setups.

(a) Schematic (top) and photograph (bottom) of 3D-PTV experiment on free-falling mesofliers and (b) schematic (top) and photograph (bottom) of high speed PIV experiment on fixed 3D IoT fliers above a wind tunnel.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Changes in colour of a pH-responsive 3D mesoflier.

(a) Photographs of pH-responsive 3D mesoflier immersed in different buffer solutions with pH ranging from 3 to 11. (b) Response time of pH indicators after immersion into buffer solutions at different pH values.

Extended Data Fig. 8 The electrical characteristics of Si NM n-channel transistor (channel width/length = 80/20 μm) and diode integrated with 3D mesofliers.

(a) Drain current as a function of source/drain voltage for the gate voltages from 0 to 3 V. (b) The log scale transfer curves as a function of gate voltage from −7 to 7 V. (c) Current-voltage characteristics of a diode.

Extended Data Fig. 9 Experiments for particulate matter (PM).

(a) A dust generation chamber operated with kitchen blenders. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fine dust generated by (b) corn starches, (c) incenses and (d) smoke cakes.

Extended Data Fig. 10 Electromagnetic performance of coils for wireless power transmission.

(a) Normalized magnetic field generated by the commercial transmission antenna with dimensions (318 mm × 338 mm × 30 mm). (b) Magnetic field strength along the line (0,0,Z) as a function of the distance Z normal to the transmission antenna for different input power P_in (1, 4, and 8 W). (c) Scattering parameters for the electromagnetic energy transfer between the coils when the NFC coil is located at the centre of the transmission antenna (0,0,0). (d) Simulated power in the NFC coil at different distance Z normal to the primary antenna with P_in = 8 W.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file includes 4 Supplementary Notes, 31 Supplementary Figures and 3 Supplementary Tables.

Supplementary Video 1

Free fall of a Tristellateia seed.

Supplementary Video 2

PIV experiment on a macroflier.

Supplementary Video 3

A 2D precursor and a 3D mesoflier above the vertical wind tunnel.

Supplementary Video 4

Free fall of a 2D precursor and a 3D microflier.

Supplementary Video 5

Free fall of micro-, meso- and macrofliers.

Supplementary Video 6

3D flow fields induced by a 2D precursor and a 3D mesoflier.

Supplementary Video 7

Instantaneous flow fields induced by a 3D electronic flier.

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Kim, B.H., Li, K., Kim, JT. et al. Three-dimensional electronic microfliers inspired by wind-dispersed seeds. Nature 597, 503–510 (2021). https://ift.tt/3hXPTdU

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• Received: 06 January 2021

• Accepted: 22 July 2021

• Published: 22 September 2021

• Issue Date: 23 September 2021

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03847-y

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